Yabancı Dil (İngilizce)

SMMM SGS sınavında Yabancı Dil bölümü, adayların temel İngilizce dil bilgisi, kelime bilgisi ve okuduğunu anlama becerilerini ölçmeyi amaçlar. Sınavda 85 adet TESMER çıkmış sınav kitapçığından oluşan geniş bir soru havuzu bulunmaktadır. Bu bölümde dil bilgisi, kelime bilgisi, okuma becerileri ve sınav stratejileri ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmaktadır.

graph TD
    A[Yabancı Dil SGS] --> B[Dil Bilgisi]
    A --> C[Kelime Bilgisi]
    A --> D[Okuma ve Anlama]
    A --> E[Sınav Stratejileri]
    B --> B1[Zamanlar]
    B --> B2[Modallar]
    B --> B3[Passive Voice]
    B --> B4[Conditionals]
    B --> B5[Reported Speech]
    B --> B6[Relative Clauses]
    B --> B7[Conjunctions]
    B --> B8[Gerunds & Infinitives]
    C --> C1[Word Formation]
    C --> C2[Phrasal Verbs]
    C --> C3[Collocations]
    C --> C4[Synonyms & Antonyms]
    D --> D1[Reading Comprehension]
    D --> D2[Diyalog Tamamlama]
    D --> D3[Paragraf Tamamlama]
    E --> E1[Soru Tipleri]
    E --> E2[Kelime Listesi]

Bölüm 1: Zamanlar (Tenses)

1.1 Present Simple

Kullanım Örnek
Genel doğrular, alışkanlıklar The sun rises in the east.
Düzenli eylemler She works as an accountant.
Sabit durumlar We live in Istanbul.

Zaman ifadeleri: always, usually, often, sometimes, never, every day/week/year, once a month

She prepares financial reports every month. (Her ay finansal raporlar hazırlar.) They do not accept late applications. (Geç başvuruları kabul etmezler.) Does the company operate internationally? (Şirket uluslararası mı faaliyet gösteriyor?)

1.2 Present Continuous

Kullanım Örnek
Şu anda devam eden eylem She is preparing the tax return now.
Geçici durumlar He is working on a special project this month.
Yakın gelecek planları We are meeting the client tomorrow.

Zaman ifadeleri: now, right now, at the moment, today, this week/month, currently

The auditor is reviewing the financial statements at the moment. (Denetçi şu anda finansal tabloları inceliyor.) They are not attending the seminar today. (Bugün seminere katılmıyorlar.)

1.3 Past Simple

Kullanım Örnek
Geçmişte tamamlanmış eylem He submitted the report yesterday.
Geçmişteki alışkanlıklar They always paid their taxes on time.

Zaman ifadeleri: yesterday, last night/week/month/year, in 2023, two days ago, when

The company filed its tax return last week. (Şirket geçen hafta vergi beyannamesini verdi.) We did not receive the invoice yesterday. (Dün faturayı almadık.)

1.4 Past Continuous

Kullanım Örnek
Geçmişte belirli bir anda devam eden eylem I was preparing the budget at 5 PM.
İki geçmiş eylemden uzun süren She was writing the report when the manager called.

The accountant was checking the balance sheet when the power went out. (Muhasebeci bilançoyu kontrol ediyordu ki elektrik gitti.)

1.5 Present Perfect

Kullanım Örnek
Geçmişte başlamış, günümüzde devam eden/etkisi süren She has worked here for five years.
Hayat deneyimleri He has never prepared a consolidation report.
Yakın geçmiş The CEO has just announced the merger.

Zaman ifadeleri: ever, never, just, already, yet, for, since, recently, so far, up to now

They have already completed the audit. (Denetimi zaten tamamladılar.) We have not received the payment yet. (Ödemeyi henüz almadık.)

1.6 Past Perfect

Kullanım Örnek
Geçmişteki bir eylemden daha önce gerçekleşen eylem By the time the manager arrived, she had finished the report.

The assistant had already prepared the documents before the meeting started. (Asistan, toplantı başlamadan önce belgeleri zaten hazırlamıştı.)

1.7 Future Tenses

Yapı Kullanım Örnek
will + V1 Anlık karar, tahmin, vaat I will help you with the reconciliation.
be going to + V1 Plan, niyet, kanıta dayalı tahmin The stock price is going to fall.
Present Continuous Kesin plan We are meeting the auditor on Monday.
Future Continuous Gelecekte devam edecek eylem This time next week, we will be taking the exam.
Future Perfect Gelecekte tamamlanmış olacak eylem By 2027, she will have completed her CPA.

The financial statements will be published next quarter. (Finansal tablolar gelecek çeyrekte yayımlanacak.) They are going to invest in new software. (Yeni bir yazılıma yatırım yapacaklar.)

graph LR
    subgraph Zaman Çizelgesi
        PAST[Past] --> PRES[Present] --> FUT[Future]
    end
    PastSimple[Past Simple: completed] --> PAST
    PastCont[Past Cont: was in progress] --> PAST
    PastPerf[Past Perfect: before another past] --> PAST
    PresentSimp[Present Simple: general] --> PRES
    PresentCont[Present Cont: now / temporary] --> PRES
    PresentPerf[Present Perfect: past with present relevance] --> PRES
    FutureWill[will: spontaneous / prediction] --> FUT
    FutureGoing[be going to: plan / evidence] --> FUT

Bölüm 2: Modallar (Modals)

2.1 Ability (Yetenek)

Modal Anlam Örnek
can şimdiki yetenek She can speak English fluently.
could geçmiş yetenek He could prepare tax returns when he was a trainee.
be able to tüm zamanlarda yetenek She has been able to manage the department since 2022.

2.2 Permission (İzin)

Modal Anlam Örnek
can gündelik izin You can use the company car.
could kibar izin isteme Could I see the balance sheet?
may resmî izin May I leave early today?

2.3 Obligation and Necessity (Zorunluluk ve Gereklilik)

Modal Anlam Örnek
must güçlü zorunluluk (kural) All employees must sign the confidentiality agreement.
have to dışsal zorunluluk She has to complete the CPD hours every year.
need to gereklilik You need to register before the deadline.
must not yasak You must not disclose client information.
don't have to gereklilik yok You don't have to attend the meeting.

All candidates must bring their ID cards to the exam. (Tüm adaylar sınava kimlik kartlarını getirmek zorundadır.) Accountants have to follow the IFRS standards. (Muhasebeciler UFRS standartlarına uymak zorundadır.)

2.4 Advice (Tavsiye)

Modal Anlam Örnek
should tavsiye You should review the tax code before filing.
ought to ahlaki tavsiye You ought to inform the client about the delay.
had better uyarı şeklinde tavsiye You had better submit the report on time.

2.5 Possibility and Deduction (Olasılık ve Çıkarım)

Modal Anlam Örnek
may ihtimal The meeting may be postponed.
might düşük ihtimal He might not know the new regulation.
could olasılık The error could be in the inventory valuation.
must güçlü çıkarım She must be an experienced auditor.
can't imkansızlık That can't be the correct figure.

2.6 Will / Would

The meeting will start at 10 AM. (Toplantı saat 10'da başlayacak — gelecek.) Would you like to review the report? (Raporu incelemek ister misiniz? — kibar rica.) When I was a junior, I would work late every night. (Geçmiş alışkanlık.)

2.7 Need / Dare

Yapı Örnek
need to (+ V1) gereklilik You need to sign this form.
needn't (+ V1) gereksizlik You needn't worry about the deadline.
dare (+ V1) cesaret etmek How dare you question the auditor's opinion?

Bölüm 3: Passive Voice ve Causative

3.1 Passive Voice — Tüm Zamanlar

Tense Active Passive
Present Simple The accountant prepares the report. The report is prepared by the accountant.
Present Continuous She is preparing the report. The report is being prepared by her.
Past Simple He filed the tax return. The tax return was filed by him.
Past Continuous They were reviewing the documents. The documents were being reviewed.
Present Perfect She has completed the audit. The audit has been completed by her.
Past Perfect They had signed the contract. The contract had been signed.
Future (will) They will announce the results. The results will be announced.
Future (going to) They are going to revise the budget. The budget is going to be revised.
Modals You must submit this form. This form must be submitted.

The financial statements are prepared in accordance with IFRS. (Finansal tablolar UFRS'ye uygun olarak hazırlanır.) The audit report will be published next month. (Denetim raporu gelecek ay yayımlanacak.) The invoice should be paid within 30 days. (Fatura 30 gün içinde ödenmelidir.)

3.2 Causative (Ettirgen Yapı)

Yapı Anlam Örnek
have something done bir işi başkasına yaptırmak They had the financial statements reviewed by an external auditor.
get something done bir işi başkasına yaptırmak (gündelik) She got the tax return prepared by a consultant.
have someone do something birine bir iş yaptırmak The manager had the assistant prepare the report.
get someone to do something birini ikna ederek iş yaptırmak We got the client to sign the agreement.

We had the inventory counted by the warehouse team. (Envanteri depo ekibine saydırdık.) She got her colleague to check the calculations. (Bir meslektaşına hesaplamaları kontrol ettirdi.)


Bölüm 4: Conditionals

4.1 Type 0 — Genel Doğrular

Yapı Örnek
If + Present Simple, Present Simple If you heat ice, it melts.
If + Present Simple, imperative If the payment is late, send a reminder.

If a company exceeds the revenue threshold, it must prepare full financial statements. (Bir şirket gelir eşiğini aşarsa, tam finansal tablo hazırlamak zorundadır.)

4.2 Type 1 — Gerçek / Olası Gelecek

Yapı Örnek
If + Present Simple, will + V1 If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

If the client approves the budget, we will start the project next week. (Müşteri bütçeyi onaylarsa, projeye gelecek hafta başlayacağız.)

4.3 Type 2 — Gerçek Dışı / Hayalî Şimdiki Zaman

Yapı Örnek
If + Past Simple, would + V1 If I knew the answer, I would tell you.

If the company had more capital, it would invest in new technology. (Şirketin daha fazla sermayesi olsaydı, yeni teknolojiye yatırım yapardı.)

4.4 Type 3 — Gerçek Dışı Geçmiş

Yapı Örnek
If + Past Perfect, would have + V3 If they had checked the numbers, they would have found the error.

If the accountant had filed the return on time, the company would not have paid a penalty. (Muhasebeci beyannameyi zamanında vermiş olsaydı, şirket ceza ödemezdi.)

4.5 Mixed Conditionals

Yapı Anlam Örnek
If + Past Perfect, would + V1 Geçmiş koşul, şimdiki sonuç If she had taken the course, she would be certified now.
If + Past Simple, would have + V3 Genel durum, geçmiş sonuç If he were more careful, he would not have made that mistake.

4.6 Alternatives to If

Yapı Anlam Örnek
unless ...medikçe Unless you register, you cannot take the exam.
provided that ...şartıyla You can use the software provided that you have a license.
as long as ...dığı sürece As long as you meet the requirements, you will be accepted.
even if ...se bile Even if you fail, you can retake the exam.

4.7 Wish Clauses

Yapı Anlam Örnek
wish + Past Simple şimdiki zamanda dilek I wish I knew the answer.
wish + Past Perfect geçmişe yönelik pişmanlık She wishes she had studied more.
wish + would gelecekte değişmesi istenen durum I wish the manager would listen to my suggestions.

I wish I had more time to prepare for the exam. (Sınava hazırlanmak için daha fazla zamanım olmasını dilerdim.)


Bölüm 5: Reported Speech

5.1 Tense Shift

Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple → Past Simple
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
Past Simple → Past Perfect
will → would
can → could
may → might
must → had to

Direct: "I prepare the reports." Reported: She said that she prepared the reports.

Direct: "We have completed the audit." Reported: They said that they had completed the audit.

Direct: "You must sign here." Reported: He said that I had to sign there.

5.2 Time and Place Changes

Direct Reported
now then / at that time
today that day
yesterday the day before / the previous day
tomorrow the next day / the following day
here there
this that
ago before / earlier

Direct: "I will finish the report tomorrow." Reported: She said that she would finish the report the next day.

5.3 Reporting Verbs

Fiil Kullanım Örnek
say söylemek (genel) She said (that) the meeting was at 3 PM.
tell birine söylemek He told me (that) the audit was complete.
ask sormak She asked if I had prepared the budget.
warn uyarmak He warned us not to miss the deadline.
offer teklif etmek She offered to help with the reconciliation.
advise tavsiye etmek The consultant advised us to review the contract.
explain açıklamak He explained that the system had been updated.
promise söz vermek They promised to send the invoice promptly.

Bölüm 6: Relative Clauses

6.1 Defining Relative Clauses

Anlam için gerekli, virgül kullanılmaz.

Zamir Kullanım Örnek
who kişi (özne) The accountant who prepared the report is very experienced.
whom kişi (nesne) The client whom we met yesterday signed the contract.
which nesne/hayvan The software which we use is very efficient.
that kişi/nesne (defining'de) The report that you requested is ready.
whose aitlik The employee whose work was excellent got a promotion.

The company that has the highest revenue will win the award. (En yüksek gelire sahip olan şirket ödülü kazanacak.) The auditor whose opinion we trust reviewed the statements. (Görüşüne güvendiğimiz denetçi tabloları inceledi.)

6.2 Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Ek bilgi verir, virgül kullanılır. "that" kullanılmaz.

The CEO, who started the company in 2005, retired last year. (Şirketi 2005'te kuran CEO, geçen yıl emekli oldu.) The financial statements, which were audited by KPMG, showed a profit. (KPMG tarafından denetlenen finansal tablolar kâr gösterdi.)

6.3 Reduced Relative Clauses

Relative clause'u kısaltma:

Tam Kısaltılmış
The man who is sitting at the desk → The man sitting at the desk
The report that was submitted yesterday → The report submitted yesterday
The documents that are on the table The documents on the table

The candidate applying for the position must have a bachelor's degree. (Pozisyona başvuran adayın lisans derecesine sahip olması gerekir.) The invoice received last week has been paid. (Geçen hafta alınan fatura ödendi.)


Bölüm 7: Conjunctions and Connectors

7.1 Contrast (Zıtlık)

Bağlaç Kullanım Örnek
although / though / even though zıtlık + cümle Although the tax rate is high, investment continues.
despite / in spite of zıtlık + noun / Ving Despite the economic crisis, the company grew.
whereas / while karşılaştırma The first quarter was profitable, whereas the second quarter was not.
however aksi durum (cümle başı) Revenue increased. However, costs also rose.

Although the deadline was tight, the team completed the audit on time. (Son teslim tarihi dardı, ancak ekip denetimi zamanında tamamladı.) Despite having limited resources, they achieved their targets. (Sınırlı kaynaklara rağmen hedeflerine ulaştılar.)

7.2 Cause and Effect (Sebep-Sonuç)

Bağlaç Kullanım Örnek
because sebep + cümle The project failed because the budget was insufficient.
because of / due to sebep + noun The delay was due to a technical problem.
since sebep + cümle (bilinen sebep) Since the market is volatile, we should be cautious.
as sebep + cümle As the deadline approaches, work intensifies.
so / therefore / as a result sonuç The company made a loss; therefore, dividends were not paid.

7.3 Addition (Ekleme)

Bağlaç Örnek
and / both ... and Both the CEO and the CFO attended the meeting.
not only ... but also The report not only identified risks but also proposed solutions.
as well as The presentation includes charts as well as financial data.
in addition / furthermore The audit revealed errors. Furthermore, it found fraud.

7.4 Choice (Seçim)

Bağlaç Örnek
or / either ... or You can either pay the full amount or set up a payment plan.
neither ... nor Neither the manager nor the accountant was aware of the error.

Bölüm 8: Gerunds and Infinitives

8.1 Verb + Gerund (Ving)

Fiil Örnek
admit He admitted making a mistake.
avoid You should avoid filing late returns.
consider We are considering hiring a new auditor.
delay / postpone They delayed submitting the report.
deny The manager denied receiving the invoice.
enjoy She enjoys preparing tax returns.
finish He finished reviewing the documents.
recommend I recommend using this software.
suggest The consultant suggested revising the budget.

8.2 Verb + Infinitive (to + V1)

Fiil Örnek
agree They agreed to extend the deadline.
decide We decided to invest in new technology.
expect The client expects to receive the report today.
hope She hopes to pass the SGS exam.
offer He offered to help with the reconciliation.
plan They plan to launch a new product.
promise The company promised to pay the debt.
refuse The auditor refused to approve the statements.
seem The figures seem to be incorrect.
want I want to become a CPA.

8.3 Verb + Object + Infinitive

Fiil Örnek
advise The consultant advised us to update the system.
allow The policy allows employees to work remotely.
ask She asked him to prepare the report.
expect We expect the client to approve the budget.
tell The manager told us to complete the audit by Friday.
warn They warned us not to ignore the regulation.

8.4 Verb + (Object) + Bare Infinitive

You had better submit the form. (Formu teslim etsen iyi olur.) We would rather not attend the meeting. (Toplantıya katılmasak iyi olur.) I would rather work than wait. (Beklemektense çalışmayı tercih ederim.)

8.5 Go + Gerund (aktivite)

go auditing (denetim yapmaya gitmek), go shopping (alışverişe gitmek), go swimming (yüzmeye gitmek), go fishing (balığa gitmek)

8.6 Gerund vs. Infinitive — Anlam Farkı

Fiil Gerund Infinitive
remember I remember meeting him. (Onunla tanıştığımı hatırlıyorum — geçmiş) I remembered to meet him. (Onunla buluşmayı unutmadım — gelecek)
forget I'll never forget seeing that error. (O hatayı görmeyi asla unutmam) Don't forget to sign the form. (Formu imzalamayı unutma)
stop He stopped smoking. (Sigarayı bıraktı) He stopped to smoke. (Sigara içmek için durdu)
try Try using a different method. (Farklı bir yöntem dene — deneyerek) Try to finish on time. (Zamanında bitirmeye çalış — çaba)

Bölüm 9: Word Formation (Sözcük Yapımı)

9.1 Prefixes (Ön Ekler)

Prefix Anlam Örnek
un- olumsuz unlikely, unable, unnecessary
in- / im- / il- / ir- olumsuz incorrect, impossible, illegal, irrelevant
dis- olumsuz / zıt disagree, disapprove, discontinue
mis- yanlış misunderstand, miscalculate, mislead
re- tekrar review, revise, reconsider, restructure
pre- öncesi prepaid, preliminary, prerequisite
post- sonrası postpone, postgraduate, posttax
over- aşırı / fazla overestimate, overcharge, overdue
under- altı / az underestimate, underpaid, undervalue
inter- arası international, interview, interest

9.2 Suffixes (Son Ekler)

Suffix Anlam Örnek
-tion / -sion isim yapımı information, decision, regulation
-ment isim yapımı employment, agreement, investment
-ity isim yapımı (durum) responsibility, security, activity
-ness isim yapımı (nitelik) effectiveness, awareness, usefulness
-er / -or kişi / yapan accountant, auditor, employer
-able / -ible sıfat (yapılabilir) reasonable, accessible, acceptable
-ful sıfat (dolu) helpful, useful, meaningful
-less sıfat (yoksun) useless, careless, endless
-ive sıfat effective, productive, competitive
-ly zarf carefully, quickly, annually
-al sıfat finance → financial, profession → professional

The regulation (regulate + -tion) was introduced last year. The investment proved highly profitable (profit + -able). The company announced a restructuring (re- + structure + -ing) plan.


Bölüm 10: Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb Anlam Örnek
pick up öğrenmek / almak She picked up basic accounting quickly.
give up vazgeçmek He gave up his position as CFO.
look up araştırmak / bakmak You should look up the tax rate online.
put off ertelemek They put off the meeting until next week.
take over devralmak The new manager took over the department.
turn down reddetmek The bank turned down their loan application.
break up bölmek / sonlandırmak Let's break up the project into phases.
bring up gündeme getirmek She brought up an important issue in the meeting.
carry out gerçekleştirmek The auditor carried out a thorough review.
come across karşılaşmak / bulmak I came across an interesting report.
set up kurmak They set up a new subsidiary last year.
figure out anlamak / çözmek He figured out the discrepancy in the accounts.
work out hesaplamak / çözmek We need to work out the total cost.
go over gözden geçirmek Let's go over the financial statements together.
fall through suya düşmek (plan) The deal fell through at the last minute.
lay off işten çıkarmak The company laid off 50 employees.
cut back on kısmak We need to cut back on expenses.
account for açıklamak / oluşturmak The error accounts for the discrepancy.
deal with ilgilenmek She deals with tax matters.
depend on bağlı olmak The outcome depends on market conditions.

The new CFO took over the financial operations last month. (Yeni CFO geçen ay finansal operasyonları devraldı.) We need to carry out a risk assessment. (Bir risk değerlendirmesi yapmamız gerekiyor.)


Bölüm 11: Collocations

11.1 Make / Do / Take / Have / Get

Fiil Yaygın Kullanımlar
make a decision, a profit, a loss, a mistake, a payment, an investment, an appointment, a change
do business, research, a course, the accounts, your best, a report
take action, responsibility, a risk, an exam, a break, a look, notes, time
have a meeting, an interview, an impact, experience, knowledge, authority
get a job, a degree, approval, results, ready, in touch, a promotion

The company made a significant profit this year. (Şirket bu yıl önemli bir kâr elde etti.) We need to take action immediately. (Derhal harekete geçmeliyiz.) She has extensive experience in auditing. (Denetim alanında geniş deneyime sahiptir.)

11.2 Strong Collocations

Collocation Anlam
heavy investment büyük yatırım
strong performance güçlü performans
weak demand zayıf talep
sharp increase / decrease keskin artış / düşüş
steady growth istikrarlı büyüme
significant impact önemli etki
annual report yıllık rapor
financial statement finansal tablo
current assets dönen varlıklar
fixed assets duran varlıklar
audit opinion denetim görüşü
tax return vergi beyannamesi
balance sheet bilanço
income statement gelir tablosu
cash flow nakit akışı

11.3 Business Vocabulary

İngilizce Türkçe
revenue gelir
expense gider
profit / loss kâr / zarar
asset varlık
liability yükümlülük
equity öz sermaye
inventory stok / envanter
depreciation amortisman
provision karşılık
accrual tahakkuk
subsidiary bağlı ortaklık
merger birleşme
acquisition satın alma
dividend temettü
share / stock hisse senedi
bond tahvil
interest faiz
inflation enflasyon
recession durgunluk
budget bütçe
forecast tahmin
variance sapma
reconciliation mutabakat
disclosure açıklama
compliance uyum

Bölüm 12: Synonyms and Antonyms

12.1 Business Synonyms

Kelime Eş Anlamlısı (Synonym)
increase rise, grow, expand, go up
decrease fall, decline, drop, go down
demand need, requirement, request
supply provide, furnish, offer
purchase buy, acquire, obtain
sell vend, market, distribute
help assist, support, aid
start begin, commence, initiate
finish complete, end, conclude
important significant, essential, crucial
enough sufficient, adequate, ample
show demonstrate, indicate, reveal
use utilize, employ, make use of
change modify, alter, adjust
improve enhance, upgrade, better

12.2 Business Antonyms

Kelime Zıt Anlamlısı (Antonym)
increase decrease
profit loss
revenue expense
asset liability
income expenditure
surplus deficit
growth decline
inflation deflation
lending borrowing
import export
wholesale retail
permanent temporary
full-time part-time
employed unemployed
appreciate depreciate

Revenue increased while costs decreased, resulting in higher profits. (Gelir artarken maliyetler düştü, bu da daha yüksek kârla sonuçlandı.) The company moved from profit to loss in the second quarter. (Şirket ikinci çeyrekte kârdan zarara geçti.)


Bölüm 13: Reading Comprehension

13.1 Main Idea (Ana Fikir)

Metnin ana fikrini bulmak için:

  • İlk ve son paragrafa odaklanın
  • Tekrar eden kelimelere dikkat edin
  • "The main idea of the passage is..." sorusu sık görülür
  • Başlık soruları: "What is the best title for this passage?"

SGS'de sık sorulan paragraf konuları: muhasebe standartları, vergi düzenlemeleri, şirket birleşmeleri, ekonomik göstergeler, meslek etiği.

13.2 Supporting Details (Detaylar)

  • Belirli bilgi soruları: "According to the passage..."
  • Sayı, tarih, isim içeren ifadelere dikkat edin
  • "Which of the following is true / mentioned in the passage?"

13.3 Inference (Çıkarım)

  • Metinde açıkça yazılmayan, ancak ima edilen bilgi
  • "It can be inferred from the passage that..."
  • "The passage suggests that..."
  • Kesin ifadeler (always, never, all) içeren seçenekler genellikle yanlıştır

13.4 Reference (Referans)

  • "The word 'it' in line 5 refers to..." şeklinde sorular
  • Zamirlerin (it, they, this, that, these, those) neye işaret ettiğini bulun
  • Bir önceki cümleye bakın

Bölüm 14: Diyalog Tamamlama

SGS sınavında sıkça sorulan diyalog tamamlama sorularında, bir konuşma metninde boş bırakılan yere uygun ifadeyi bulmanız beklenir.

14.1 Common Dialogue Situations

Durum Uygun İfade
Selamlama How do you do? / Nice to meet you. / Good morning.
Özür I apologize for the delay. / I'm sorry for the inconvenience.
Rica Could you please send me the report? / Would you mind checking this?
Teşekkür Thank you very much. / I appreciate your help.
Randevu Would you be available on Monday? / Shall we meet at 3 PM?
Onay I agree with you. / That sounds reasonable.
Red I'm afraid I can't. / I'm sorry, but that's not possible.
Bilgi isteme Could you tell me...? / Do you happen to know...?
Öneri Why don't we...? / How about...? / I suggest that we...
Telefon Hello, this is Ahmet Yılmaz speaking. / Can I take a message?

Person A: "Could you help me with the year-end closing?" Person B: "Certainly. What do you need assistance with?"

Person A: "I'm sorry, but I won't be able to attend the meeting tomorrow." Person B: "That's alright. I'll send you the minutes afterward."


Bölüm 15: Paragraf Tamamlama

Paragraf tamamlama sorularında, bir paragrafta boş bırakılan yere getirilebilecek en uygun cümleyi seçmeniz beklenir.

15.1 Topic Sentence (Konu Cümlesi)

Paragrafın ilk cümlesi genellikle konuyu tanıtır.

"International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed to ensure consistency in financial reporting. They provide a common language for business affairs so that financial statements are comparable across different countries."

15.2 Supporting Sentence (Destek Cümlesi)

Ana fikri açıklayan, örnek veren veya detaylandıran cümle.

"IFRS requires companies to report their financial performance in a standardized format. For example, all revenue must be recognized using the same principles, regardless of the company's location."

15.3 Concluding Sentence (Sonuç Cümlesi)

Paragrafı özetleyen veya bir sonuç çıkaran cümle.

"Therefore, IFRS plays a crucial role in promoting transparency and comparability in global financial markets."

15.4 Coherence and Cohesion (Tutarlılık ve Bağdaşıklık)

  • Transition words: however, therefore, in addition, for example, as a result, on the other hand
  • Pronoun reference: This, these, such, that — önceki cümleye atıf yapar
  • Repetition of key terms: Anahtar kelimelerin tekrarı paragrafın bütünlüğünü sağlar

"The audit revealed several internal control weaknesses. As a result, the management implemented new procedures. These measures are expected to reduce the risk of fraud significantly."


Bölüm 16: SGS İngilizce Soru Tipleri ve Stratejileri

16.1 Grammar Completion (Dil Bilgisi Tamamlama)

Boşluğa uyten zaman/modal/passive yapıyı yerleştirin.

The report _____ by the end of the month. A) will complete B) will be completed C) is completing D) has completed

Cevap: B (Passive Future — rapor tamamlanacak)

Strateji: Özne ile fiil arasındaki ilişkiye bakın (active/passive). Zaman zarfını belirleyin.

16.2 Cloze Test (Boşluk Doldurma)

Bir metin içinde birden fazla boşluk verilir, her boşluk için uygun kelime seçilir.

Strateji: Önce metnin tamamını hızlıca okuyun, konuyu anlayın. Her boşlukta, boşluktan önceki ve sonraki kelimelere bakın (preposition, conjunction, article uyumu).

16.3 Sentence Completion (Cümle Tamamlama)

Verilen cümleyi anlamca en uygun şekilde tamamlayan seçeneği bulun.

The new tax regulation was introduced _____. A) to increase government revenue B) although the economy was growing C) because of the high inflation D) since last year

Cevap: A (Amaç bildiren ifade — to + infinitive)

16.4 Translation / Meaning (Anlam / Çeviri)

İngilizce bir cümlenin Türkçe anlamını veya Türkçe bir cümlenin İngilizce karşılığını sorar.

Strateji: Anahtar kelimelere ve fiilin zamanına odaklanın. Passive cümlelerde özellikle dikkatli olun.

16.5 Irrelevant Sentence (Anlam Bütünlüğünü Bozan Cümle)

Bir paragrafta anlam bütünlüğünü bozan cümleyi bulun.

Strateji: Paragrafın ana fikrini belirleyin. Diğer cümlelerle bağlantısı olmayan, farklı bir konuya geçen cümleyi bulun.

16.6 Paragraph Order (Paragraf Sıralama)

Karışık verilen cümleleri mantıksal sıraya dizin.

Strateji: Zaman sırasına, sebep-sonuç ilişkisine ve bağlaçlara (first, then, however, finally) dikkat edin.

16.7 Appropriate Response (Uygun Yanıt)

Bir konuşma veya e-posta metninde boş bırakılan yere uygun yanıtı seçin.

Strateji: Konuşmanın bağlamına ve resmiyet düzeyine dikkat edin.

16.8 Reading Comprehension (Okuduğunu Anlama)

Sorular: Main idea, detailed information, inference, reference, tone, purpose.

Strateji: 1. Önce soruyu okuyun 2. Metni hızlıca tarayarak ilgili bölümü bulun 3. Seçenekleri eleme yöntemiyle değerlendirin 4. Aşırı kesin ifadeler (always, never, all, none) genellikle yanlıştır


Bölüm 17: SGS Sık Sorulan Kelime Listesi

Aşağıdaki liste, SGS İngilizce sınavında en sık karşılaşılan kelimeleri ve Türkçe anlamlarını içermektedir.

17.1 Accounting and Finance

İngilizce Türkçe
account hesap
accounting muhasebe
accountant muhasebeci
audit denetim
auditor denetçi
balance bakiye
bank banka
bond tahvil
book value defter değeri
budget bütçe
capital sermaye
cash nakit
cost maliyet
credit alacak / kredi
currency para birimi
debt borç
deficit açık
deposit mevduat
discount iskonto
dividend temettü
equity öz sermaye
expense gider
fee ücret
finance finans
fund fon
income gelir
inflation enflasyon
installment taksit
insurance sigorta
interest faiz
investment yatırım
invoice fatura
liability yükümlülük
loan kredi / borç
loss zarar
mortgage ipotek
payment ödeme
penalty ceza
profit kâr
property mülk
rate oran
receipt makbuz
refund iade
revenue gelir
risk risk
salary maaş
savings tasarruf
share hisse
stock stok / hisse senedi
surplus fazla
tax vergi
transaction işlem
value değer
wage ücret
withdrawal para çekme

17.2 Business and Management

İngilizce Türkçe
agreement anlaşma
approval onay
board of directors yönetim kurulu
branch şube
chairman başkan
client müşteri
colleague iş arkadaşı
committee komite
company şirket
competition rekabet
contract sözleşme
customer müşteri
deadline son teslim tarihi
department bölüm / departman
employee çalışan
employer işveren
enterprise işletme
executive yönetici
goal hedef
guarantee garanti
headquarters merkez ofis
invoice fatura
manager yönetici
market pazar
merger birleşme
negotiation müzakere
objective amaç
offer teklif
partner ortak
payroll maaş bordrosu
policy politika
proposal teklif / öneri
purchase satın alma
recruitment işe alım
regulation düzenleme
representative temsilci
requirement gereklilik
resource kaynak
salary maaş
strategy strateji
supplier tedarikçi
target hedef
wage ücret
warranty garanti

17.3 General Academic Vocabulary

İngilizce Türkçe
according to ... göre
advantage avantaj
affect etkilemek
analyze analiz etmek
available mevcut
cause sebep olmak
compare karşılaştırmak
conclude sonuçlandırmak
consequence sonuç
consist of ... oluşmak
contain içermek
contribute katkıda bulunmak
convert dönüştürmek
define tanımlamak
determine belirlemek
distribute dağıtmak
effect etki
eliminate ortadan kaldırmak
estimate tahmin etmek
evaluate değerlendirmek
evidence kanıt
examine incelemek
exclude hariç tutmak
generate üretmek
identify belirlemek / tanımlamak
implement uygulamak
indicate göstermek
interpret yorumlamak
involve içermek
issue konu / ihraç etmek
maintain sürdürmek
obtain elde etmek
occur meydana gelmek
option seçenek
participate katılmak
period dönem
portion kısım
previous önceki
principle ilke
procedure prosedür
process süreç
proportion oran
range aralık
refer atıfta bulunmak
relevant ilgili
require gerektirmek
research araştırma
result sonuç
significantly önemli ölçüde
similar benzer
source kaynak
specific belirli
standard standart
sufficient yeterli
tend to eğiliminde olmak
vary değişmek
version sürüm
volume hacim / miktar

Çalışma Stratejisi

85 adet çıkmış sınav kitapçığı, Yabancı Dil bölümü için en değerli kaynaktır. Aşağıdaki çalışma planını uygulayarak sınava hazırlanabilirsiniz:

Hafta Konu Kaynak
1-2 Dil Bilgisi (Zamanlar, Modallar, Passive) Bu doküman Bölüm 1-3
3-4 Dil Bilgisi (Conditionals, Reported Speech, Relative Clauses) Bu doküman Bölüm 4-6
5 Bağlaçlar, Gerunds & Infinitives Bu doküman Bölüm 7-8
6 Kelime Bilgisi (Word Formation, Phrasal Verbs, Collocations) Bu doküman Bölüm 9-12
7 Okuma ve Anlama Teknikleri Bu doküman Bölüm 13-15
8 Soru Tipleri ve Stratejiler Bu doküman Bölüm 16
9-12 Çıkmış Sınav Çözümü (günde 2 kitapçık) ders/Sorular/Yabanci-Dil/

Çıkmış Sınav Kitapçıkları

Aşağıdaki klasörde 85 adet Yabancı Dil İngilizce çıkmış sınav kitapçığı PDF formatında bulunmaktadır:

ders/Sorular/Yabanci-Dil/

Her kitapçık yaklaşık 23 sayfa olup TESMER SGS sınav formatına uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır. Kitapçıkları çözerken hatalarınızı not alın ve eksik olduğunuz konuları bu dokümandan tekrar edin.


Video Dersler

Aşağıdaki videoları YouTube'da izleyerek ders konularını pekiştirebilirsin.